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  Heart Valves and Infective Endocarditis What is infective endocarditis? Infective endocarditis, also called bacterial endocarditis, is an infection caused by bacteria that enter the bloodstream and settle in the heart lining, a heart valve or a blood vessel. IE is uncommon, but people with some heart conditions have a greater risk of developing it. Infective endocarditis refers to infection in the lining of the heart, but also affects the valves. It often affects the muscles of the heart. Endocarditis is an inflammation or infection of the inner surface of the heart (the endocardium). It occurs when bacteria enter the bloodstream and attach to a damaged portion of the endocardium or abnormal heart valves. But it may also develop on devices implanted in the heart, such as artificial heart valves, pacemakers, or implantable defibrillators. There are two forms of infective endocarditis, also known as IE: Acute IE  — develops suddenly and may become life ...

 Gastro Intestinal Parasites Gastro Intestinal Parasites  Also known as:  intestinal parasites including tapeworms, roundworms and protozoa. 2013 study in Dadeldhura •        31% of school children with GI parasites •        Tapeworm (most common) •        Hookworm •        Roundworm ( Ascaris) •        Giardia •        GI symptoms: 49% with parasites •        No GI symptoms: 14% with parasites Tapeworm ( Hymenolepis nana ) •        Most common human tapeworm infection worldwide. •        Most common in children. •        Most asymptomatic, but symptoms become more common as the parasite burden increases. •        Diagnosis sho...